This episode further explains objections to the Geneva Bible by both bishops and monarchs, and analyzes the Bishop's Bible, the "establishment's" response. The commentary throughout the Geneva Bible advocated a presbyterian form of church government where a group of elders presided over the church. Bishops in England naturally opposed this arrangement, for it undermined the singular authority of the bishop. Monarchs also found presbyterian government objectionable, as the close fusion of church and state potentially undercut the monarch's role in governing the Anglican Church. In response, the "establishment" produced the Bishop's Bible in 1668 (revised in 1672). While it was a direct translation from Hebrew/Greek to English, the final work lacked cohesiveness since individual bishops translated passages of the Bible (instead of committee), and no uniform translation methodology governed the process. The Bishop's Bible was consequently not as popular as the Geneva Bible.
The Geneva Bible: the First Direct English Translation
This episode mostly addresses the Geneva Bible, the first direct English translation of both Greek and Hebrew Scriptures. The Great Bible, the official bible of the Anglican Church, was a direct translation of the Greek NT but depended on the Latin Vulgate for translation into English. It was understandably less reliable. The Geneva Bible was published in 1560 in Geneva by Marian exiles, Calvinist Christians who fled persecution under queen Mary (1553-58) It was the first Bible translated by committee and incorporated verse distinctions. Commentary in the margins went beyond explicating meaning of words and cross references: it included anti-monarchical, anti-establishment, and anti-Catholic interpretations/applications. At least 2 of the 3 biases would be problematic to English monarchs, who headed up both church and state. King James not surprisingly despised the Geneva Bible.
Henry VIII: When the Wicked Falls into his Own Trap
This episode follows the history of Bible translation amidst the stormy political swings of 16th century England. William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1526, and his continued work on translating the Old Testament led to his execution in 1536 as a heretic by Henry VIII. Tyndale's protege Miles Cloverdale nevertheless managed to convince the king to authorize "The Great Bible" in 1539, the first officially sanctioned English Bible of the Anglican church. Why the sudden reversal? In his dispute with the papacy over separation of the Church of England from the Roman church, Henry VIII found an English translation to be a politically expedient tool to uphold his power. The English Bible, as opposed to the Latin Vulgate, was much more amenable to the nationalism that he was promoting, particularly one in which he was actually head of both the church and the state. The irony here is that the Great Bible, unbeknownst to Henry, depended on Tyndale's NT! The episode traces the close church-state relationship as it developed, highlighting England's return to Catholicism under "bloody Mary" (1553-58) and the subsequent compromise reached under Elizabeth in the "Elizabethan Settlement" of 1577.